Socio Cultural Impact Of Television On Youth Media Essay

Socio Cultural Impact Of Television On Youth Media Essay This study has analysed Socio-cultural Impact of Television on Youth. The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of television programmes on youth. As a communication technology, television has a great acceptance and is being used extensively in India. Television viewership is no more restricted to the upper and upper-middle class of India as it used to be a few years back. Being inexpensive and easy to access, television spread rapidly in India. It has become one of the common household commodities. Therefore, this study attempted to understand whether demography influenced the viewership patterns of respondents or not. Television provides a variety of local and foreign channels and helps people in selecting programmes according to their taste and choice. Therefore, the first part of this study explored respondents preferred channels and kinds of programmes, reasons for watching television, preferred time of watching and control over the remote. It justified the application of Uses and Gratification Theory. This theory identifies television consumption patterns according to needs and satisfaction of targeted segment. The gratification factor leads to the exposure of programmes which in turn can generate impact. Main part of the present research comes under the impact tradition. It demands discussion on theories based on observational learning and information processing emphasize lasting impact of exposure to media contents. Thus, the study also applies Cultivation Theory in terms of impact through exposure and Social learning Theory which says that viewers attend and learn from models which are attractive, powerful, rewarding and similar to themselves. They do not act immediately on what they learn from television. Instead, they store such knowledge to be used when their own circumstances elicit it. Hence, the framework of this research is based on the set of three theories i.e. Uses and Gratification Theory, Cultivation Theory and Social Learning Theory. These theories are discussed below in relation with the present study in brief. 2.1Uses and Gratification Utility Theory, often known as the Uses and Gratification Approach offers another way of explaining why people expose themselves to some communications and not others; why they perceive a fraction of these to which they are exposed and why they remember- correctly or incorrectly. Blumler and Katzs Uses and Gratification Theory suggest that media users play an active role in choosing and using media. Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented in their media usage. Theorists say that media users seek out source that best fulfils their needs. Uses and Gratification Theory assumes that users have alternate choices to satisfy their needs (Griffin. 2000).55 Uses and Gratification Theory takes a more humanistic approach to looking at the media usage. The theory takes out the possibility that media can have an unconscious influence on our lives and how we view the world. The idea that we simply use media to satisfy a given need does not seem to fully recognize the power of media in todays society. 2.2 Cultivation Theory Cultivation Theory in its most basic form, suggests that television is responsible for shaping or cultivating viewers conceptions of social reality. The combined effect of massive television exposure by viewers over time subtly shapes the perception of social reality for individuals and, ultimately for our culture as a whole. Thus, cultivation research is in the effects traditions. Cultivation research looks at the mass media as a socialising agent and investigates whether television viewers come to believe the television version of reality the more they watch it. Gerbner and his colleagues argue that television drama has a small but significant influence on the attitudes, beliefs and judgement of viewers concerning the social world. The focus is on heavy viewers. People who watch a lot of television are likely to be more influenced by the ways in which the world is framed by television programmes than are individuals who watch less, especially regarding topics of which the viewer ha s little first-hand experience. Light viewers may have more sources of information than heavy viewers. 58 This study has used Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner as a guide in exploring the consequences. Under guidance of this theory, this study may be able to emerge as a new theory. Essentially, the theory states that heavy exposure to mass media namely television creates and cultivates attitudes more consistent with a media fabricated version of reality than with what actual reality is. The cultivation theory asserts that heavy viewers attitudes are cultivated primarily by what they watch on television. Gerbner views this television world as not a window on or reflection of the world, but a world in itself (Mc Quail. 1993: 100).59 Cultivation theorists are best known for their study of television and viewers and in particular, for a focus on the topic of violence. However, some studies have also considered other mass media from this perspective and have dealt with topics such as gender roles, age groups, ethnic groups and political attitudes. Cultivation theorists argue that heavy viewing leads viewers (even among high educational/high income groups) to have more homogeneous or convergent opinions then light viewers (who tend to have more heterogeneous or divergent opinion). The cultivation effect of television viewing is one of the levelling or homogenizing opinion. Gross considered that television is a cultural arm of the established industrial order and as such serves primarily to maintain, stabilize and reinforce rather than to alter, threaten or weaken conventional beliefs and behaviours (Boyd. Barrett. Braham. And Peter, B. 1987: 100).60 2.3 Social Learning Theory The principle understanding of social learning theory is tied the social context of learning. According to Bandura, behaviours and responses that are repeated, perceived as real, distinct, functional and salient are more likely to be attended to, thus more likely to be learned. When observing an event, which receives some kind of reward like social approval, pleasant experience and when the observer feels confident to perform, its symbolic imitation is facilitated. The social cognitive principle has been widely employed to explain in television effects on a variety of social issues such as aggression, ethnic stereotypes, alcohol, attitudes and behaviour. It also stresses the importance of viewers cognitive activities when consuming television messages (Bandura. 1977). 63 Socialization process of person is influenced by innumerable factors such as family, school, environment factors etc. Direct experience and participation are important parameters which shape the youths impressions of the perceived structure of their environment. Mass media, particularly television plays a crucial role in bringing the outside world into homes. As an important institution, mass media enters the socialization process of an individual. De Fleur and Sandra (1989) stated despite general in nature, social learning theory is particularly relevant to study the impact of mass communication because the description and portrayal of social life is a frequent subject in media contents. The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), users may model the behaviour shown in the commercial and buy the product being advertised. Actions of characters in the audio-visual media can serve as a model for others to imitate. Modelling Theory is also useful for describing the application of general Social Learning Theory which explain how new behaviours are acquired by people from media portrayals. An individual observes a character, identifies him/her as a mo del and remembers actions of model and performs them when confronted with similar circumstances (DeFleur and Sandra. 1989).64 In light of all these theories stated above, it is important to mention that the researcher has formulated a combination of the three theories in order to assess what is the main reason of their watching, their preferred channels and programmes. While on the other hand, it has also measured what kind of impact are taking place in the lives of the sample under study? If there are some affects that are changing attitudes of youth under the study. Are these effects long-lasting or short term. Hence, the researcher intended to explore all this for which the base of above mentioned theories was most suitable and required. It was also assumed that the youth (aged18-25 years) are vulnerable to influences and tend to be inclined towards change. Youth would serve as a barometer to assess the influence of television. Hence, youth of age 18-25 were selected for the study to determine the degree to which their attitudes were influenced by television. Now, with the availability of the foreign channels, an important question arises: does a youths behaviour reflect what his/her has watched on the television screen? The impact of foreign television programmes on youth involves a number of indispensible factors such as interest in the programmes, viewing pattern, reasons for watching, attitude towards programmes and models of social reality that these programmes promote. The study aimed at finding out whether and to what extent television affect youth in Rohtak and Jhajjar districts. The researcher aimed at finding answers to questions such as what youth think about these programmes in terms of their preferences and relevance. Is there any restriction on youth for watching television channels? Whether they experience an impact of these programmes on their attitudes or not?

Kasambahay Bill Debate Essay

Domestic workers are called a friendly term in Manila â€Å"Kasambahay†: to emphasize they are part of the household. The bill is yet to be signed in Congress to provide legal recognition for the domestic workers and recognize the important role that Kasambahay plays in the building of the family and of society. Filipinos oftentimes depend on the services of domestic house helpers for the orderly management of their households. Unfortunately, even if they perform vital day-to-day functions, domestic house helpers are often mistreated subjected to physical and mental abuse and made to work under inhuman and brutal working conditions. Although there are existing labor laws which seek to protect house helpers from these abuses, their implementation has been widely ignored. Moreover, these laws have become inadequate to fully address the concerns and needs of our house helpers. The kasambahay has the right to decent work which includes decent employment and income, humane conditions of work, access to and coverage in social protection schemes, and the opportunity for social dialogue and representation. This bill also recognizes the dignity and the nobility of the household helper industry. Under this proposed legislation, the rights and interests of household helper are enhanced and protected by ensuring just and equitable terms and conditions of their employment are embodied in their contract with their employers. This proposed legislation is an affirmation of the value and dignity of every person and guarantee full respect for human rights. Body: Affirmative: The bill will ensure that household helpers will be provided with basic necessities and other benefits. With House BillNo. 144, or the†Kasambahay Bill† passing its third and final reading in the House of Representatives, around two million domestic workers might soon enjoy standardized minimum wage and other basic benefits like health care, vacation leaves, and basic necessities. The bill mandates employers to enter into a contract with their helpers specifying the terms of the latter’s employment and job responsibilities. It will also require employers to provide for their helpers’ lodging, board, basic education, and medical needs. Employers are also not allowed to place their helper under debt bondage, nor are they allowed to employ minors to work for them. The State affirms labor as a primary social force and has committed to protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare. It is party to international instruments pledging the elimination of forced labor, elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation, and the abolition of child labor and trafficking in persons. The State has adopted the Decent Work Framework outlining good conditions of work for Filipino workers, which includes establishing labor standards, decent employment and income, enhanced coverage of social protection and strengthened social dialogue, including kasambahays. It seeks to uphold the rights and dignity of kasambahays to protect them from abuse and exploitation by providing safe and humane working conditions. Despite the vital and necessary work performed by kasambahays for most Filipino households and the important role they play in society, they are considered as one of the most vulnerable sectors in society due to the nature of their work. Of equal concern however, are employers of kasambahays who have equal rights to protection from abuse and exploitation of kasambahays. The State further recognizes that kasambahays of minority age have special inalienable rights and privileges that should be espoused and protected, particularly in the areas of education and self-improvement. The State recognizes the importance of partnering with various groups and individuals in the promotion and protection of the rights and welfare of kasambahays and enabling to be empowered members of society. Section 1 Article III of the Convention concerning decent work for domestic workers states that each member shall take measures to ensure the effective promotion and protection of the human rights of all domestic workers. The passage of Kasambahay Bill is a fulfillment of the country’s commitment to the international community when it ratified the domestic workers convention. More importantly, this aims to protect the welfare of more than two million househelpers, nursemaids, cooks, gardeners and laundry persons all over the country. Article II of the Kasambahay Bill (formally titled Act instituting policies for the protection and welfare of the domestic workers) explicitly enumerates the rights and privileges of every domestic worker. To wit: – The employer or any member of the household shall not subject a domestic worker to any kind of abuse or any form of physical violence or harassment. – The employer shall provide for the basic necessities of the domestic workers to include at least 3 adequate meals a day and sleeping arrangements that ensure safety. – The employer shall respect the privacy of domestic worker and shall extend the same to his/her communication and personal effects. – The employer shall grant the domestic worker access to outside communication. The employer shall afford the domestic workers to finish basic education and may allow access to alternative learning systems, higher education or technical and vocational training. The domestic workers shall also be entitled to a daily rest period of eight hours and a weekly rest period of least twenty-four consecutive hours. A domestic worker who has rendered at least one year of service shall be entitled to an annual servic e incentive leave of five (5) days with pay. It shall also be unlawful for the employer to place the domestic workers under debt bondage or the rendering of service as security or payment for a debt. Any violation of the act shall be punishable with a fine not less than 10,000 pesos without prejudice to the filing of appropriate civil and criminal action. Some provisions of this measure are in response to reported incidents of abuse and exploitation against our kasambahay and prevent them from happening of service. Rebuttal: On the other side of the argument, Kasambahay Bill is a messy, impractical. If not politically motivated, the Kasambahay bill is profound in theory, but in practice, it is messy and not practicable. First, not all housemaids are born equal, so to speak. Some come from recruiting agencies, others are walk-ins, and some others are poor, rescued distant blood relatives. It is so easy and noble to fix their salaries, give them the regular employee’s perks, benefits and bonuses, but the fact remains that our house helps are not employees at all because they have an entirely different, if incomparable, daily work routine. How can a housemaid be compared to the egular employee who commutes or drives to work, spends stressful time on the road and money just to get to work? That’s why employees and/or laborers are given fixed wages and all those perks and bonuses. And culturally and traditionally, our housemaids are not our employees but â€Å"family,† simply because they live with us. Some of them are even considered second mothers to the children of a busy working mother. If the Kasambahay bill becomes a law, it should apply only to housemaids hired from agencies, with a written contract that stipulates nature of tasks, salary, benefits, bonuses, etc. But then, considering the ramifications of the law, can the hiring family in turn charge the housemaid for board and lodging, granting he/she is a stay-in? It is therefore possible that many hardworking housemaids will lose their job and/or not be hired at all. At most, a Kasambahay law should be applied on a case-by-case basis. While the rich and the business sector may welcome it because they can afford the demands of the law. Conclusion: The kasambahay bill should enacted into law after 15 years in the making because itis for the benefit of our 1. million kasambahays nationwide. It provides minimum labor standards, including minimum wage setting, regulating working hours, provision of insurance and leave benefits for household helpers. This pro-poor measure stands to benefit the almost two million domestic workers we have throughout the country. Aside from the pay standardization, the House Bill 6144 also assured all domestic helpers of entitlement to a 13th month pay, coverage in the Social Security System, and all the benefits provided under Republic Act 8282, as amended. Also theKasambahay bill requires employers to provide three basic necessities —board, lodging and medical assistance, to their household help, nursemaids, cooks, gardeners and laundry persons. The Kasambahay bill seeks for the protection of local household workers from physical and emotional abuse. One of the highlights of the bill is the comprehensive package since it entitles our kasambahays of food and medical provisions, allowable holidays and days off, provision of a written contract, proper accommodation, social security and PhilHealth coverage, annual salary increases and medical certificates, among others.

The Insider Secret on Samples College Personal Essay Reasons for Transfering Discovered

The Insider Secret on Samples College Personal Essay Reasons for Transfering Discovered Employing real sample college essays that worked will provide you a good idea about what colleges search for. Don't forget, getting into college is a competition, so it's imperative that you learn to compose a strong personal statement. Years you're going to spend in the university is going to be a continuation of what you've already started and will help achieve your targets. As a student, a lot is expected of you and you might have to work hard if you'd like to reach all your objectives and vision. Personal statement is just one of the important prerequisites for entering a university. Clearly, the reply is to enter the colleges to which you're applying. Though it's annoying, starting over is sometimes the very best approach to find an essay that you're really pleased with. Bear in mind, but the focus is on you. You'll observe a similar structure in lots of the essays. At some stage, you will possibly will need to rewrite the entire essay. Make sure you usesolid writing structure, particularly if you get a freeform essay prompt. Have a look at the best examples here! Let's return to the TV idea. If you should do a little bit of research, by all means, do it. In the end, the very best topics are ones that let you to explain something surprising about yourself. Instead, you ought to focus on selecting a particular time or experience or topic that could stand as an instance of your interests and background more generally. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. It is not possible to fully cover the above mentioned questions in a couple of hours. The start ought to be very intriguing. Within that moment, each student should play the function of speaker and listener. Take time to consider about each question allow it to sink in, and be sure that your essay actually addresses all components of the question. Sit down and make an outline of what you would like to say before you begin writing. One of the absolute most important portions of the essay writing process is editing, and editing requires a lot of time. Don't use a particular format when writing your own personal statement essay. Samples College Personal Essay Reasons for Transfering Secrets It's possible to still get into top schools by utilizing yourpersonal statement for collegeas an opportunity to set yourself apart. Be specific Don't, for instance, state which you would make a fantastic doctor unless it is possible to back this up with specific factors. Before beginning, the very first thing you ought to see is that the personal statement has become the most significant part your admissions package. All you need to do is give us details about yourself that we'll utilize to personalize your statement of purpose format to fulfill your nature and qualifications. The previous paragraph of your college personal statement is a nice place for you to repeat and strengthen your primary idea. The duration of your own personal statement for university ought to be about 500 words and approximately 1 page. If you have the capability to use your private statement to display your unbelievable drive and resilient character within the classroom and out, you're in phenomenal form! A long and boring statement won't have the ability to draw the readers. Instead, you must impress a university staff member who's reading dozens of essays each day for a month. EssayEdge is the major application essay editing service on earth. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the majority of our clients require is essay writing. Then in the procedure you become called for an interview. To start with you can pick from our talented group of writers who will write for you. Students must place a lot of work into writing a good essay as a way to boost their odds of admission. Many students wish to call it a day after writing a very first draft, but editing is a vital portion of writing a really terrific essay. They get stuck trying to figure out how to begin their personal statement essay. Top Samples College Personal Essay Reasons for Transfering Secrets Whenever you opt to ask us for expert support, don't hesitate to get in touch with our support managers. Whether you're aiming for a university admission or landing work at a prominent revenue statement for company, an effective personal letter offers you a better shot in comparison to others. Your desire to be an attorney, engineer, or whatever should be logical, the consequence of certain experience that's described in your statement. Your own personal specialist can help you with branding, essays, and interv iews, and supply you with support and guidance in the other facets of the application procedure.

How to Ask Your Professor to Change Your Grade

At the end of every semester, professors inboxes are inundated with a barrage of emails from desperate students seeking a grade change. These last-minute requests are often met with frustration and disdain. Some professors even go so far as to set their inbox to auto-respond and not check back until weeks after the semester ends. If you are considering asking your professor for a grade change, consider your actions carefully and prepare before making the request. Following a few tips can give you the best chance for success. Act Early Many requests come from students who have borderline grades. Just a point or two more, and their GPA would improve. However, being on the border isn’t usually an acceptable reason to ask for a grade change. If your grade is 89.22 percent, dont ask the professor to consider a bump to 90 percent in order to maintain your GPA. If you think you might be on the borderline, work hard before the end of the semester and discuss extra credit possibilities ahead of time. Don’t count on being â€Å"rounded up† as a courtesy. Act Before Your Professor Submits Grades Instructors are much more likely to change grades before they submit them to the university. If you are missing points or feel you should have been given more participation credit, talk to your professor before grades are due. If you wait until after submission, your professor will likely have to jump through a lot of hoops to meet your request. At some universities, grade changes are simply not permitted without a signed, written explanation of the instructor’s error. Keep in mind that instructors are usually required to submit grades to the university several days before they are posted for students to view. So, talk to your professor as soon as possible. Ensure You Have a Case Review the syllabus and make sure your argument matches the instructor’s expectations. A reasonable grade change request might be based on objective issues such as: The instructor failing to count points you earned;A miscalculation on a particular exam;A problem with the online course’s learning management system that resulted in a point deduction. A request might also be made based on subjective issues such as: You feel you should have been given more participation points;You believe your role in a group project was not adequately understood or appreciated. Collect Evidence and Be Professional If you’re going to make a claim, collect evidence to support your cause. Collect old papers, and try to make a list of times you’ve participated in class. Don’t be overly glib or angry with your professor. State your claim in a calm and professional manner. Explain, briefly, the evidence that backs your claim. Offer to show the evidence or discuss the issue in more detail if the professor would find that helpful. Appeal to the Department If Needed If your professor will not change your grade and you feel you have a very good case, you may be able to appeal to the department. Call the department offices and ask about the policy on grade appeals. Keep in mind that complaining about the professor’s decision may be viewed poorly by other professors and may have negative consequences—particularly if you are in a small, insular department. However, if you stay calm and state your case confidently, you will have a better chance of keeping their respect and getting your grade changed.